1. Rich Peasants and Their Role in the Movement 🌾

• Who were they? 👨‍🌾🏡

  • The Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh were among the wealthier peasants. 🏞️
  • They owned large tracts of land and were engaged in cash crop cultivation. 🌱💰

• Economic hardships they faced 📉💸

  • The Great Depression (1929) led to a sharp fall in agricultural prices 📉, reducing their profits.
  • Many had taken loans to expand farming and were now struggling to repay debts. 🏦💳
  • Despite their falling incomes, the British government refused to reduce land revenue taxes. 💰⚖️

• Participation in the Civil Disobedience Movement ✊🚫

  • Initially, they were enthusiastic supporters of the movement, hoping for tax relief. 📢
  • Organized boycotts, refused to pay taxes, and led protest marches. 🚜🚶‍♂️
  • Their wealth and influence helped mobilize other farmers to join the struggle. 🤝👥

• Disillusionment with the Congress and Gandhi 😔❌

  • The Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931) ended the movement without reducing taxes. 📜✍️
  • This disappointed rich peasants, who had expected revenue concessions. 😞💸

• Why they withdrew support later 🚶‍♂️➡️❌

  • When the movement restarted in 1932, many refused to participate. ❌🔥
  • Feared losing their lands due to British retaliation. 🏡⚠️
  • With no clear economic benefits, their enthusiasm faded away. ⏳💭

2. Poor Peasants and Their Struggles 🚜😢

• Who were they? 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦🏚️

  • Small tenant farmers and landless laborers who cultivated land owned by landlords. 🌿🏡
  • Depended on landlords for land and had to pay high rents in cash or crops. 💰🌾

• Main problems they faced 💸⚠️

  • The economic depression made it hard to pay rent as cash incomes declined. 📉💵
  • Many were trapped in debt cycles due to moneylenders and landlords. 💳🔁
  • Unlike rich peasants, they did not own land and had no security. 🚫🏡

• Their demands and expectations 📢⚖️

  • Wanted remission of unpaid rent, not just a reduction in revenue taxes. ❌💰
  • Hoped that Congress would support “No Rent” campaigns against landlords. 🏠📉

• Radicalization of poor peasants 🔥🛠️

  • Many joined radical movements, inspired by Socialists and Communists. 🏴‍☠️🔨
  • In places like Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, and Bihar, they fought for land reforms. 🗺️⚖️
  • Some engaged in protests, strikes, and even violent clashes. ✊🔥

• Congress’s dilemma 🤔⚠️

  • Congress hesitated to support poor peasants’ demands to avoid angering landlords. 🏡⚖️
  • Feared that an anti-landlord stance might divide the national movement. ⚠️🛑

• Uncertain relationship with Congress ❓🔄

  • Poor peasants did not receive strong backing from Congress leaders. 🚫🤝
  • Their participation was sporadic and localized, not a national movement. 🌍🔄
  • Many remained disillusioned with Congress’s moderate approach. 😞📜

3. The Business Class and Its Changing Support 💰🏭

• Economic boom during World War I 🌍💹

  • Indian business houses made huge profits during World War I (1914-1918). 📈💰
  • Wanted further economic expansion without British restrictions. 🚀🏦

• Opposition to British economic policies ❌🇬🇧

  • The British enforced colonial trade restrictions, limiting Indian businesses. ⚖️🚫
  • Businessmen demanded protection from foreign goods, especially British imports. 🛑🛍️

• Formation of FICCI (1927) and early support 🏢📜

  • Established the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI). 📆📢
  • Initially supported the Civil Disobedience Movement, hoping for economic freedom. ✊💵

• Active participation in protests 💰✋

  • Funded the movement by providing financial aid to the Congress. 🏦💸
  • Boycotted British goods and promoted Swadeshi products. 🚫🇬🇧🛒

• Shift in support after the Round Table Conference (1931) ⚠️📉

  • The failure of the Round Table Conference reduced their enthusiasm. ❌🛑
  • Feared the rise of militant nationalism and socialist ideas. 🔥🔴
  • Businessmen distanced themselves from Congress as industrial strikes increased. ⏳🚶‍♂️

4. Industrial Workers: Limited Participation ⚙️👷

• Why industrial workers stayed away 🏭🚫

  • Large industrialists were financially aligned with Congress. 💰🤝
  • Congress focused on broader national issues, avoiding direct labor conflicts. 🏛️⚖️

• Selective adoption of Gandhian ideas 🕊️📢

  • Some workers embraced nonviolent protests and the Swadeshi movement. ☮️🇮🇳
  • Boycotted foreign cloth and British goods, supporting self-reliance. 🚫👕

• Worker strikes during the movement ✊🔨

  • Railway workers (1930) and dockworkers (1932) organized strikes. 🚂🚢✋
  • Fought for better wages and working conditions. 💰⚖️

• Chotanagpur tin miners’ participation ⛏️🏞️

  • Tin miners in Chotanagpur actively joined protests. ✊⚒️
  • Wore Gandhi caps as a sign of solidarity. 🎩🇮🇳

• Congress’s cautious approach toward labor movements ⚠️🚶‍♂️

  • Congress avoided direct involvement in workers’ demands. 🚫📜
  • Feared alienating industrialists, who were key financial supporters. 💰🏭

5. Women in the Civil Disobedience Movement 👩‍🦰✊

• Mass participation in protests 🚶‍♀️📢

  • Women actively joined processions, rallies, and picketing against British goods. 🚫🛍️
  • Played a key role in the Salt March (1930), making and selling salt. 🧂🇮🇳

• Involvement of different social groups 🏙️🌾

  • High-caste women from urban areas took part in protests and meetings. 🏛️👩‍🎓
  • Rich peasant women in villages supported the movement by picketing liquor and foreign cloth shops. 🌾🚫

• Inspired by Gandhi’s ideology ☮️🙏

  • Women saw nation-building as their sacred duty, motivated by Gandhi’s call for self-rule. 🏡🇮🇳
  • Many broke traditional social norms to participate in politics. 🚪🔓

• Limited recognition by Congress 🚫📜

  • Despite their active role, Congress only gave them symbolic positions. 🏛️⚖️
  • Women were excluded from leadership roles in decision-making. ❌👩‍⚖️
  • Their participation was often seen as supportive rather than revolutionary. 🤷‍♀️📢

6. Gandhi and the Civil Disobedience Movement’s End ✍️🕊️

• Gandhi-Irwin Pact (5 March 1931) 🤝📜

  • Gandhi and Viceroy Irwin reached an agreement to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement. 🛑✊
  • In return, the British agreed to release political prisoners. 🔓👮‍♂️

• Gandhi’s participation in the Round Table Conference 🇬🇧🗣️

  • Gandhi traveled to London (1931) to attend the Second Round Table Conference. ✈️🏛️
  • Hoped to negotiate constitutional reforms and dominion status for India. 📜⚖️

• Failure of negotiations in London ❌💬

  • British officials ignored Gandhi’s demands for full independence. 🚫🇮🇳
  • The talks ended without any concrete resolution. ⏳⚖️

• Brutal suppression of the movement upon Gandhi’s return 🔥🚔

  • Congress leaders were re-arrested, and the movement faced violent crackdowns. 🔗👮‍♂️
  • The British imposed strict controls and banned public protests. 🚫🚶‍♂️
  • By 1934, the movement gradually declined, but it had left a deep impact on Indian politics. 📉🇮🇳

7. Relaunch and Decline of the Movement 🔄⛔

• Gandhi’s decision to restart the movement 🔥✊

  • After witnessing increased British repression, Gandhi resumed the Civil Disobedience Movement. 🚫🇬🇧
  • The movement focused on nonviolent resistance, including boycotts and protests. 🎤🪧

• Prolonged struggle but declining momentum ⏳📉

  • The movement continued for over a year (1932–1934) but gradually lost mass support. 📆🚶‍♂️
  • Many supporters were disillusioned due to repeated failures. 😞💭

• Harsh British response 🛑🔗

  • The government continued mass arrests, targeting both leaders and ordinary protesters. 👮‍♂️🚓
  • Repressive laws were strengthened to crush political activism. 📜⚖️
  • Many Congress leaders were jailed, weakening the organizational structure. 🚪🔒

• Gradual decline and eventual end 🚶‍♂️➡️🛑

  • By 1934, the movement had lost its intensity, and Congress officially ended it. 🏛️❌
  • Though unsuccessful in achieving immediate independence, it left a lasting impact on Indian politics. 🇮🇳💡

8. Revolutionary Nationalists: Bhagat Singh and HSRA 🏴🔥

• Formation of HSRA (Hindustan Socialist Republican Army) ⚔️📜

  • Established in 1928 to fight against British rule through revolutionary means. 🎯🇬🇧
  • Aimed at overthrowing colonial rule and establishing a socialist India. 🚩✊

• Key leaders of HSRA 🏆👤

  • Bhagat Singh – Influenced by socialism, believed in armed revolution. 🔥📚
  • Jatin Das – Died during a hunger strike in jail (1929). 🍽️❌
  • Ajoy Ghosh – Later played a role in the Communist movement in India. 🏴🗣️

• Bombing of the Central Legislative Assembly (1929) 💣🏛️

  • Bhagat Singh & Batukeswar Dutt threw bombs inside the Assembly Hall. 🎇⚖️
  • Aim was not to kill but to make a loud political statement against British rule. 🗣️📜
  • Both were arrested and used the trial as a platform to spread their revolutionary message. 🎤🚔

• Attempt to assassinate Lord Irwin 🚂💥

  • HSRA members planned to blow up Lord Irwin’s train to challenge British authority. 🎯🇬🇧
  • The plot failed, but it intensified British crackdowns on revolutionaries. 🚨🔍

• Bhagat Singh’s trial and execution (1931) ⚖️☠️

  • Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev were sentenced to death for the killing of Saunders. ⚔️👮‍♂️
  • Bhagat Singh became a symbol of resistance and martyrdom. 🏴🔥
  • His last words before execution: “Inquilab Zindabad!” (Long live the revolution!) 🗣️🚩

• Bhagat Singh’s vision for a socialist India 🏛️🔴

  • Advocated for social justice, equality, and worker rights. 🛠️⚖️
  • Criticized capitalism, communalism, and British imperialism. 🏦❌
  • Believed true independence meant economic and social freedom for all. 📜✊’