🌱 Primitive Subsistence Agriculture

📍 1. Limited Practice in India

• 📌 Primitive subsistence agriculture is still practiced in a few remote and tribal areas of India.
• 🏞️ It is mainly found in hilly and forested regions where modern farming methods are difficult to implement.

🛠 2. Use of Primitive Tools and Labor

• 🔨 Farmers use traditional tools such as:
  • 🛠 Hoe
  • 🔪 Dao
  • 🪵 Digging sticks
• 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Farming is carried out using family or community labor without hired workers.
• 🚫 There is no use of modern machinery or mechanized equipment in this type of farming.

🌦 3. Dependence on Natural Factors

• 🌧 Farming is entirely dependent on monsoon rains, as there is no artificial irrigation system.
• 🌱 Crops rely on the natural fertility of the soil, without the application of fertilizers.
• ☀ The success of cultivation is determined by environmental suitability, including soil conditions and rainfall.

🔥 4. ‘Slash and Burn’ Agriculture

• 🪓 Farmers clear a patch of land by cutting down trees and vegetation.
• 🔥 The vegetation is burned to remove debris and provide temporary soil fertility.
• 🌾 Farmers grow cereals and food crops mainly for their own consumption.

🔄 5. Shifting Cultivation Process

• 📉 When the soil fertility decreases, farmers abandon the land.
• 🏞️ They clear a fresh patch of land in another area for cultivation.
• 🌿 The abandoned land regains fertility naturally through ecological regeneration.

📉 6. Low Land Productivity

• 🚫 No fertilizers, pesticides, or modern agricultural techniques are used.
• 📊 Crop yields remain low, producing only enough for family sustenance.

🌏 7. Regional Names Across India

• 🏔 Jhum – Northeast India
• 🌳 Podu – Odisha & Andhra Pradesh
• 🌾 Bewar/Dahiya – Madhya Pradesh
• 🌿 Kumari – Western Ghats
• 🌱 Pama Dabi – Odisha
• 🏞 Valre – Himalayan region