4 The Making of Germany and Italy

The unification of Germany and Italy marked a decisive shift in the history of European nationalism. Unlike earlier liberal attempts, these unifications were achieved largely through diplomatic strategy and military power. Conservative leaders played a central role in shaping unified nation-states. The process demonstrated that nationalism could be harnessed by monarchies to consolidate authority.

Unification of Germany

• Role of Prussia: Prussia emerged as the leading state in German unification. Its strong army and efficient administration provided the foundation for expansion. Leadership shifted from liberal assemblies to royal authority.
• Otto von Bismarck: As Prime Minister of Prussia, Bismarck used Realpolitik to achieve unity. He combined diplomacy with calculated wars against Denmark, Austria, and France. Military victories strengthened nationalist sentiment.
• Proclamation of Empire: In 1871, the German Empire was proclaimed in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles. The Prussian king became Kaiser of Germany. Unification was completed under conservative leadership.

Unification of Italy

• Role of Sardinia-Piedmont: The kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont led Italian unification. Its prime minister, Count Cavour, pursued diplomatic alliances and military campaigns. Economic reforms strengthened the state.
• Giuseppe Garibaldi: Garibaldi mobilised volunteers known as the Red Shirts to liberate southern Italy. His campaigns complemented Cavour’s diplomacy. Popular support expanded the movement.
• Proclamation of Kingdom: In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was declared King of unified Italy. Final territorial additions were completed by 1870. Italy emerged as a constitutional monarchy.

Characteristics of Unification

• Conservative Leadership: Unlike 1848 revolutions, unification was led by monarchies rather than liberal republicans. Nationalism became a tool of state power. Conservative elites shaped outcomes.
• Military Strategy: Wars played a crucial role in consolidating territory. Victory enhanced prestige and unity. Armed conflict replaced parliamentary negotiation.
• Limited Democracy: Though unified, both Germany and Italy retained strong monarchical influence. Political participation remained restricted. Nationalism did not immediately produce full democracy.

Historical Impact

• Redrawing of European Map: The creation of Germany and Italy altered balance of power. New nation-states emerged as influential actors. European diplomacy entered a new phase.
• Model of Realpolitik: Pragmatic politics proved more effective than idealistic revolution. Strategic calculation shaped national unity. Political realism gained prominence.
• Strengthening Nationalism: Successful unification reinforced nationalist ideology across Europe. Other regions sought similar consolidation. Nationalism became dominant political force.