3.1 The Salt March and the Civil Disobedience Movement

The Civil Disobedience Movement began in 1930 with Gandhi’s historic Salt March from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi. By choosing salt as the focal point of protest, Gandhi selected an issue that affected every Indian regardless of class or region. The act of breaking the salt law symbolised open defiance of colonial authority. This movement marked a new stage of direct mass confrontation with the British government.

The Salt March

• Symbolic Protest: The salt tax represented economic injustice imposed by colonial rule. By making salt from seawater, Gandhi openly violated the law. This simple act carried powerful political meaning.
• Mass Participation: As Gandhi marched nearly 240 miles, thousands joined along the route. Villagers welcomed the marchers with enthusiasm. The journey became a travelling symbol of national unity.
• Media Attention: Newspapers in India and abroad widely reported the march. International opinion began to sympathise with the Indian cause. The protest gained global visibility.

Spread of Civil Disobedience

• Violation of Laws: People broke salt laws, refused to pay taxes, and boycotted foreign goods. Forest laws were defied in rural areas. Civil disobedience expanded across regions.
• Participation of Women: Women played an active role by making salt and picketing liquor shops. Their involvement broadened the social base of the movement. Gender barriers were challenged.
• Repression by Authorities: The British government arrested thousands, including Gandhi. Peaceful protesters were lathi-charged and imprisoned. Repression intensified resistance.

Gandhi-Irwin Pact

• Negotiation and Suspension: In 1931, Gandhi agreed to suspend the movement after negotiations with Viceroy Irwin. Political prisoners were released, and salt-making was permitted in limited areas. The pact reflected strategic compromise.
• Participation in Round Table Conference: Gandhi attended the conference in London to discuss constitutional reforms. However, discussions failed to achieve major concessions. Expectations remained unfulfilled.
• Resumption of Struggle: Civil disobedience resumed in 1932 but faced severe repression. Momentum gradually declined. Yet the spirit of resistance endured.

Historical Importance

• International Recognition: The Salt March made Gandhi a global symbol of non-violent resistance. India’s struggle gained worldwide attention. Colonial rule faced moral scrutiny.
• Expansion of Participation: Civil disobedience involved peasants, students, women, and business groups. The movement became truly nationwide. Nationalism deepened socially.
• Strengthening of Political Identity: Open defiance fostered courage and unity. Indians experienced collective action against unjust laws. The idea of independence became concrete and urgent.