3 Towards Civil Disobedience

After the withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement, nationalism did not decline but entered a new phase of reorganisation and reflection. During the late 1920s, political conditions changed with the arrival of the Simon Commission and the growing demand for complete independence. Younger leaders within the Congress began to press for more radical goals. By 1929, the demand for Poorna Swaraj (complete independence) replaced earlier calls for dominion status.

Simon Commission and Protest

• Exclusion of Indians: The Simon Commission, appointed in 1927 to review constitutional reforms, had no Indian members. This exclusion angered political leaders across parties. “Simon Go Back” became a nationwide slogan.
• Unified Opposition: Congress and other groups boycotted the commission. Demonstrations were organised in major cities. National unity strengthened through shared protest.
• Radicalisation of Youth: Younger leaders such as Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose demanded complete independence. The political tone became more assertive. Nationalism intensified ideologically.

Demand for Poorna Swaraj

• Lahore Session (1929): Under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, Congress declared complete independence as its objective. The tricolour was hoisted on the banks of the Ravi. Symbolic assertion of sovereignty inspired mass enthusiasm.
• Independence Day Declaration: 26 January 1930 was observed as Independence Day across India. Public pledges were taken to achieve freedom. Collective commitment deepened national resolve.
• Shift in Strategy: Constitutional negotiation gave way to plans for civil disobedience. Direct defiance of unjust laws was proposed. Political confrontation escalated.

Preparation for Mass Action

• Selection of Salt Tax: Gandhi chose the salt tax as a symbol of colonial exploitation affecting all Indians. Salt was an essential commodity used by rich and poor alike. The issue had universal appeal.
• Non-Violent Discipline: Volunteers were trained to maintain non-violence during protest. Moral authority remained central to strategy. Discipline aimed to prevent repetition of past violence.
• National Anticipation: Public expectation grew as Gandhi prepared for direct action. Newspapers reported developments widely. The stage was set for a new nationwide movement.

Historical Importance

• Clear Declaration of Independence: For the first time, Congress openly demanded complete freedom. Political goals became explicit. Ambiguity ended.
• Renewed Mass Mobilisation: The transition revived public enthusiasm after a period of pause. Nationalism regained momentum. Leadership reasserted direction.
• Foundation for Civil Disobedience: Organisational preparation ensured wider participation. Strategic clarity strengthened impact. The movement entered a decisive phase.